Time Travellers in Essendon, Flemington and the Keilor Plains

 

Edith-Peard-2   Edith-Peard-3

 

Edith Peard: the making of a New Woman

 

By Lenore Frost

 

It might seem an inauspicious beginning for a New Woman, free-spirited and independent. Edith Peard was born in a small farming community in the remote north-east of Victoria in 1869.  Her parents do not seem likely to have set out to equip her with an education that would enable her to become an independent businesswoman, but the combination of her family background and her own talent and drive enabled Edith Peard to hang her brass plate, some thirty-odd years later, on the front gate of the family home in Essendon. “Miss Peard, Teacher, Piano & Violin”.

 

The family still has Edith’s brass plate, beautifully polished.  Image courtesy of Craig Williams.

 

The ‘New Woman’ was one who, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was considered different from previous generations, especially challenging or rejecting the traditional roles of wife and homemaker, and who advocated independence for women and equality with men.  We don’t know Edith’s opinion on New Women but her life and work exemplified the principles of independence and equality.

 

Edith Fleetwood Peard was born in 1869 at Oxley in Victoria to parents William Henry Peard, and Charlotte Kent. It is said that the ‘earlier generation of Coole Abbey Peards were wealthy adventurers. William Henry Peard had another brother, George who served in the Royal Navy, fought in battles with Chinese pirates, and eventually died at sea aboard HMS Mutine while in Pacific Station[1]

 

Edith’s grandfather, Henry Hawke Peard, occupied a substantial stone house called Coole Abbey  with 157 acres, in the Parish of Coole, Fermoy, County of Cork, and also owned 129 acres and four houses in the same parish.[2]   He was a Magistrate, and included in a list of ‘Nobility, Gentry and Clergymen' in County Cork in a post office directory in 1844.[3] 

 

Coole Abbey in Cork, 1997, courtesy of Greg Williams.

 

Henry Hawke Peard and his wife Elizabeth Cathrow had a family of 12 children who survived to adulthood. Having a large number of children created the problem as to how to provide a future for all those children, while keeping the family property or assets intact.  A very typical response to the dilemma was primogeniture – the eldest son would inherit the land and property, and the other sons would be propelled into the world to provide for themselves.  The girls needed to marry well.  William Henry Peard occupied the unlucky position of second eldest son.  His eldest brother, Richard McCullogh Peard, remained under his father’s roof and eventually inherited,  while the others went out into the world to seek their fortune.  

 

Several of the younger Peard brothers, as well as cousins, emigrated to New South Wales and Victoria.  If the ’66 years a colonist’ in William Henry Peard’s death notice in 1913 is accurate he came to Australia in 1849, but no evidence has emerged to confirm that supposition.   William H Peard arrived in Melbourne on 13 October 1852 on the New Orleans, which left from Liverpool in April that year.  He was an unassisted migrant, a single, Irish,  21 year old ‘gent’[4] in search of a fortune - an urbane and sophisticated fellow if his portrait  is anything to go by.  He arrived in a swell of immigrants who responded eagerly to the news of gold in Victoria. Did he go to the goldfields?  Very likely, but no record of that has emerged.  He most likely brought a small amount of capital with him to establish a new life.

 

William Henry Peard, every inch a gentleman, possibly taken in

 Wangaratta in the late 1860s or early 70s. Courtesy of Craig Williams.

 

In the late 1850s some of the Peard brothers began to appear in the records in the Oxley area of north-eastern Victoria. The closest large town was Wangaratta. Charles Harte Peard arrived in Victoria on the Royal Charter with his brother Henry Turner Peard in 1859,[5] and they soon joined their brother in the north east.  Charles was elected to the first Wangaratta District Road Board in December 1862.[6] He farmed in the area in the 1860s but sold his farm 1872. By 1877 he was the licensee of the hotel at Moyhu, not far from Oxley.

 

Henry Turner Peard was appointed a trustee for land reserved in Wangaratta for Church of England purposes in 1863.[7]  He married in that year to Amelia Parker Burrow. They had a child born at Oxley in 1866, but subsequent children were registered at Albury between 1868 and 1876.  

 

Reports in regional newspapers show that William Henry Peard was working as a station overseer in the vicinity of Broken River in 1857, also in the north east of Victoria.[8]  In 1859  his name was attached to a petition to encourage David Reid of Barnawartha to stand as the representative of the Murray District for the House of Assembly.  He signed other similar petitions, testifying to his interest in politics.  By 1861 he was farming at Oxley Plains in partnership with his brother Henry Turner Peard when fire from a neighbouring property passed through the fence and “destroyed a stable and a barn containing a quantity of wheat”.[9]

 

After 13 years of hard work in the colony, William Henry Peard married a local girl from Oxley, 17 year old Charlotte Kent, the daughter of farmer John Kent and Anna, formerly Creevy.  Charlotte was born in Portroe, Tipperary and emigrated as a six year old with her six siblings and parents on the Rienzi in 1855.   The Kents took up farming at Oxley and became neighbours of William Henry Peard.

 

Extract from a Parish Plan of Oxley, County of Delatite, showing J Kent on several allotments to the south of the Oxley township, and W H Peard on the other side of the road with a block meeting the Kent block at the south-east corner.  W H Peard owned several other Crown allotments in partnership with his brothers.  Courtesy of the State Library of Victoria, http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/138096

 

 

William Henry and Charlotte married in February 1865 at her parents’ home, by the rites of the United Church of England and Ireland.  Three witnesses signed the register – Charlotte’s father John Kent, Ebenezer Allan, a farmer at Oxley, and C H Peard, William Henry Peard’s brother.[10]

 

Three of William and Charlotte Peard’s children were registered at Oxley: Kate Lizzie in 1866; Henry Kent in 1867; and Edith Fleetwood in 1869.   The fourth and last child, Richard Hawke Peard, was registered in 1871 in Albury. W H Peard seems to have spent two or three years in New South Wales, in the vicinity of Albury, at Kurrajong Wagra, raising and selling store cattle.  He returned to the Oxley area by 1873 where he was often mentioned in the Ovens and Murray Advertiser and other regional newspapers at the Beechworth cattle auctions selling small mobs of store cattle, or fat calves, generally described as being ‘of King River’.[11]

 

Situated as it was between the Ovens and King Rivers, the Oxley Shire was criss-crossed with creeks and muddy tracks, and often inundated with flood waters in winter.  As hard as the new Shire council worked to build bridges and surface roads, these were often washed away in heavy rains.   Major floods in 1870 caused severe damage in the Oxley area:

 

“Returning again to the Wangaratta neighborhood, a great portion of the country between that town and Oxley is completely under water. The King River is coming down in tremendous flood. The Oxley bridge has been swept clean away, and great damage has been done to the fencing and crops in the vicinity of the river. It is also said that the Pioneer bridge has succumbed to the pressure of the waters, but the report has not been confirmed.”[12]

 

In May 1875 W H Peard received a licence under the Land Act 1869 on a parcel of land at Moyhu, and that seems to signal a move to that area, where he was closer to his brother Charles, though he may have had land holdings elsewhere.[13]  This move also signalled a diversification in the source of family income.  Although still farming, W H Peard obtained a number of contracts with the Oxley Shire Council mending bridges or roads in partnership with ‘Kent’ - probably his brother-in-law George Kent.  Peard’s tender to build a dam at Moyhu Common for £19 was accepted in 1876,[14] and  Peard and Kent constructed a bridge at Entwistles for £5 in 1877.[15]

 

The "15 Mile Creek, Greta".  The creek is closest to Greta West. Photographer: W H Ferguson. Courtesy of the State Library of Victoria Collection, H85.162/125.

 

Ten acres of land in Greta was reserved for police purposes in 1870.[16] 

 

Greta Police Station, on the banks of the 15 Mile Creek.  From A History of Greta, by S E Ellis,

North Eastern Historical Society 1972.

 

Over the next few years the Greta police were kept busy investigating stock thefts.  While at Moyhu William lost a number of cattle, which he reported to the police:

 

‘Stolen from W. H. Peard, Moyhu, on the 30th ultimo, 7
head of fat cattle, viz., yellow and white bullock, branded JQ
on ribs and L on rump; blue bullock, similar brand; red and
white bullock, BST on rump; red cow, BST on ribs; red
bullock, Pa off shoulder; red bullock, AE off rump; and a
red and white animal (sex unknown), branded like P or R near
rump. 16th April 1873.[17]

 

Peard family lore has it that Kelly stole 30 head of cattle from the family, though in the above case Ned can’t have been involved as he was still serving a sentence for receiving a stolen horse from ‘Wild’ Wright, and was not released from gaol until February 1874.   In 1877 the district was plagued with horse and cattle thefts, and in 1878 the murder of three policemen by the Kelly Gang at Stringybark Creek, near Benalla, shocked the Victorian public.

 

From January 1878 W H Peard began to be mentioned in the Ovens &  Murray Advertiser impounding cattle at the Oxley Pound.  This seems to have been related to employment as the Hansen Common herdsman.[18]   Hansenville appears on the map to the south-west of Moyhu, which was presumably the approximate  location of the Hansen Common. 

 

At the end of 1878 W H Peard, now of Greta, applied to the Shire of Oxley for a slaughtering licence, which was granted.[19]  He applied again at the end of 1880.[20]  This activity may have been complementary to the operation of the Greta store.  Charlotte may also have had a sideline in poultry and a few cows, and offered fresh dressed poultry, eggs, butter and milk in the store. 

 

William was appointed as the Deputy-Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages for Greta in February 1881.[21] Greta in the 1870s was a small township, and declined further when railway went through Benalla in 1874, passing through Glenrowan on its way to Wangaratta and Albury.  The family was still in Greta in 1884 when Charlotte Peard’s father, John Kent, died intestate in 1884.   A list of beneficiaries was prepared for Probate, which included Charlotte Peard, wife of ‘William Peard of Greta, storekeeper’.[22]   

 

 

Part of the Parish Plan of Greta, included in A History of Greta, by S E Ellis, North Eastern Historical

Society, Kilmore. 1972. The Township of Hanson, the small dark area at the bottom of the plan later became the main Greta town.  The surveyed Township of Greta on the top left of the plan became known as Greta West.  The Kellys lived at Greta West, while the Peards lived at the new Greta.

 

A detail of the Greta Parish Plan above showing the original Township of Hanson. 

 

Samuel Edward Ellis, who wrote A History of Greta, was born in 1873 at Greta where his parents Thomas and Annie Ellis farmed and conducted the first Post Office.  Their farm can be seen on the first plan of Greta above,  to the south east of the township, just below Section IX. 

 

The first post office was at Mr Ellis' farm, about a mile and a half east of the township.  The mails were at first carried by horsemen to and from Oxley.  When the NE railway was completed in 1873 the mails were then taken to Glenrowan (Rowan's Gap).  In 1888 the post office was moved to the part of Greta called Hanson  Wm Peard had set up a store at this site on the Greta-Wangaratta road about ten years previously.  He sold his business to W Carmichael, who took over the post office. (Ellis, page 17)

 

The centre of the parish of Greta kept shifting according to the activity in the parish and four areas were variously known as Greta.  The original surveyed township of Greta became Greta West, while the Township of Hanson became Greta.  There was also Hanson South and Greta South.   

 

The first school in the district was a board school at Hanson, which began in 1870.  A government school was established in 1877.   When the Greta Post Office moved to Hanson to a site near the Hanson School in 1888, to avoid confusion the school was renamed Greta School, and the school established in 1883 in the Greta Township, was named Greta West.

 

In 1882 a new Head Teacher arrived at the Greta School. Herbert Bennett Williamson had been born in Chiltern in 1860, so was 22 on taking up his post at Greta.   He had taken up his first post in 1876 at the age of 16,  passing his matriculation examinations at the end of that year.  Samuel Ellis says of him    

 

"Mr R C B McDonald was succeeded in 1882 by Mr H B Williamson - a fine teacher and an enthusiastic photographer  There were no short cuts in those days, no hand cameras or prepared reels of film.  The amateur had to expose his negative plates and develop them in a dark room as well as print and fix his photographs.  He was the first cyclist in the district and rode the iron tyred "boneshaker" as well as the tall "kangaroo" or "penny-farthing".  He was also a keen botanist, and at the time of his death was recognised throughout Australia as one of the leading botanists". (Ellis, p 18).

 

Greta School about 1880.  Samuel Ellis is arrowed at front left. The Peard children are probably all in this photo. (Ellis, facing page 3).

 

It seems probable that it was Herbert Williamson who introduced Edith to the violin.  Edith was 13 when Williamson arrived at Greta.  "Mr Williamson, a lover of music as well of cycling and photography, was a teacher of the violin during his residence at Greta". (Ellis p 19.) 

 

Herbert Williamson may also have inspired Edith's interest in geography and and flora. It could explain why Edith owned an Introductory Text-book Physical Geography, by David Page, published by William Blackwood and Sons, eleventh edition, 1883. Edith signed the preface page "Edith F. Peard Greta 8-7-84".

 

Blackwood's Class Books in Natural Science with the price of two

shillings and sixpence embossed on the cover.

 

Edith seems to have acquired her book for two shillings and fourpence.

 

Edith signed and dated her book at Greta on 8 July 1884.

Images from the Williams Family collection.

 

In later years Edith may have been following the teaching of her botanically inclined teacher when she wrote out instructions for transplanting Erica, giving the Latin botanical name.

 

 

Images from the Williams Family collection.

 

In later years their daughter Kate Dawson, nee Peard, used to say that they knew the Kelly family in Greta, but had no time for them.  Kate Peard and Grace Kelly, a younger sister of Ned, were born in the same year, in 1866.  Peards arrived in Greta in about 1878, at which time the two  girls were aged about 12.  Did they cross paths at the Greta School?  There was no school at Greta West until 1883, so if the Kelly children did attend school, they would have had to walk or ride the four and a half miles to the Hanson township. Or did the Peards engage a governess to teach the children at home?

 

A description of Greta was published in the Illustrated Australian News in 1880: 

 

The little township of Greta would probably never have been heard of but for the fact that it is the central abode of Kelly sympathisers. It is a post town, about seven miles from Glenrowan, and has a State school, two places of worship and a very limited number of stores. The settled population does not number more than thirty, but there is a rural population scattered about in considerable numbers that uses the little town as their head-quarters.[23]

 

The Age on the other hand said, in 1881, there was only one store in Greta:

 

The commission left Mrs. Kelly's selection and drove on through what is known as the Gap to Greta. This place can hardly be called a village. It has one public house, a store, and one or two other places of business. There are four mounted constables stationed here.[24]

 

Wood engraving published in The Illustrated Australian News, 17 July 1880.  Monogram of Samuel Calvert

engraved in image. Shows O'Brien's Hotel and several small houses, courtesy of the State Library of

Victoria Collection, IAN17/07/80/120. [25]

 

The Kelly family at home in Greta West, celebrating the release of Ellen Kelly from gaol in 1881.  L-R: Alice Kelly (King), Kate Kelly (seated), Grace Kelly with Faith, the Kelly cattle dog, Mrs Kelly (seated), Jack Kelly (King), Ellen Kelly (King) feeding a lamb from a bottle, and Rev. William Gould (who had presided at Ellen's marriage to George King in 1874).  Courtesy of the State Library of Victoria Collection, H2003.25/1.

 

The various occupations from the time W H Peard and family were at Moyhu were compatible with also running a store, probably with Charlotte in charge and helped by the older children. The Peards could probably afford help of a ‘girl’ in the house, and a tutor or governess for the children.

 

The choice of Greta to locate a store can’t have been a very lucrative one – it may have been dictated by William’s other work in the area but the opportunities at Glenrowan, not too far away and with the railway passing through, seemed more attractive. The Peards were established in Glenrowan by 1884.  They evidently discounted the tensions between the police and the Kelly sympathisers. Moving from Greta to Glenrowan was not far enough to distance  themselves from these tensions, as the following 1881 article from the Ovens and Murray Advertiser shows:

 

Threatened Bushranging Outbreak at Greta.— There is not the slightest doubt but that the formation of another gang of bushrangers is being meditated in the Greta district. We ("Benalla Standard") have it from most reliable authority that the Kelly sympathisers have recently spoke openly to this effect, and the general actions of these persons infer that some secret work is occupying their attention. The sympathisers' rendezvous —Mrs Kelly's house — is seldom empty, and frequently it happens that the number of visitors to this domicile is very large. Many threats of revenge have been made since the tragedy at Glenrowan, and grave fears are daily entertained of another outbreak. 

 

Although the police authorities have provided both Greta and Glenrowan with police protection, there being four mounted men at each place, the presence of the constables does not appear to entirely suppress the unlawful practices of the inhabitants of these hotbeds of crime. Horse stealing is said to be again indulged in, and it is carried on in such a manner that it is difficult for the members of the force to ascertain the culprits. . . Under existing circumstances, it is necessary that all precautions should be taken by the police in this district, in case of a sudden outbreak, which is threatened, and be prepared to meet any emergency that might be required. The actions of the lawless inhabitants of Greta, bear a suspicious character, and speak badly for the state of things in this locality.[26]

 

Glenrowan Railway Station just after the Kelly siege, 1880.  Courtesy of the State Library of Victoria Collection.

 

 

 

This extract of the Glenrowan parish plan shows W H Peard's crown purchase of three lots, totalling a little over 12 acres, which he paid for on 29 December 1885.   The Railway Station Reserve is nearby, showing a shed in the centre of it, which is probably the shed on the left in the photo above.  This shed, and the small building to its right, appear to have curved roofs, and are probably portable iron buildings.   The Police Reserve is on the other side of the railway line, opposite the State School reserve.  Courtesy of the State Library of Victoria,  http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/94421

 

 

Once at Glenrowan, Peard assembled a number of contracts to supplement the store income.  In 1884 he became the Glenrowan representative for Simpson Steam Sawyers and Wood Turners at Stanley.[27]  His name remained in a regularly published list of agents long after the family moved to Essendon in 1890.  In July 1884 Peard was awarded the contract for supplying prisoners’ rations in Glenrowan.[28]  In May 1885 he became the Glenrowan Deputy Registrar for Births, Deaths and Marriages.[29]

 

A further addition to Peard’s income was in the role of auctioneer at a monthly cattle sale.  

 

Messrs Peard & Co. have completed extensive cattle yards at Glenrowan and will hold monthly sales of cattle, sheep, etc.[30]

 

His partner in this venture was John McMonigle, a fellow Irishman from county Donegal.[31]  In April 1886 Peard was praised in The North Eastern Ensign for his efforts:

 

The success of the saleyards here is now firmly established; and the credit is due to Mr W. H. Peard, whose enterprise deserves to be acknowledged by good business in these yards. The sale last month was the most successful yet held here, bidding was brisk, good prices were maintained, and both buyers and sellers appeared satisfied. It is confidently believed that the next sale, which takes place on Saturday, the 10th inst, will eclipse all former ones.[32]

 

In his late fifties William Henry Peard was able to devote more time to community activities, and in 1885 joined the newly established Ovens and Murray Agricultural and Pastoral Society which met in Wangaratta.[33]  There would probably also be some element of pursuing business contacts and showing some solidarity with the establishment figures in the district.  William formed a subcommittee for Greta and Glenrowan with A H Smith and J Sadleir.   John Sadleir was the Police Superintendent who led the hunt for the Kelly gang a few years earlier, and in throwing in his lot publicly with Sadleir, Peard possibly alienated some elements of the local community.

 

In April 1887 Peard  joined the Wangaratta Gun Club to enjoy some competitive shooting.[34]   We know he was already familiar with handling a gun when he went off to stalk a tiger sighted on the road outside Glenrowan in 1885, reported by the mailman: 

 

The Glenrowan Tiger.

 

The Wangaratta Chronicle wrote on Monday: -The now notorious tiger has been seen, it is alleged, on the Glenrowan road about two miles from the railway station, by Mr. G. Patterson, the mailman. It was going through the fence into Mr. Twemley's paddock, making towards the ranges. On arriving at Glenrowan, Mr. Patterson informed Mr. W. H. Peard and that gentleman at once procured his rifle, and set off in pursuit. He discovered the animal's tracks on the road, but did not see the tiger himself. Mr. Peard is fully convinced that the marks he saw were those of an animal of the feline species, and most probably those of the tiger. Before starting Mr Peard informed the Glenrowan police of the fact of the tiger being near at hand, but these gentlemen appear not to have troubled themselves about the matter, most probably because they do not believe in the existence of the tiger at all.[35]

 

© Lenore Frost 2016

Continued in Edith-Peard-2

---

[1] Craig Mitchell Williams, email to the author, 26 Dec 2015.

[2] Ireland, Griffith’s Valuation, 1847-1864, Parish of Coole, 1853, p 108.

[3] The county and city of Cork post office general directory, 1844, p129.

[4]  VPRS 7666,  Inward Overseas Passenger Lists (British Ports) [Microfiche Copy of VPRS 947]. Public Record Office Victoria.  The age given in the record is 26.

[5] Public Records Office Victoria. Index to Unassisted Inward Passenger Lists to Victoria 1852-1923.

[6] Bridge to the Future: the story of Local Government in Oxley Shire, 1862-1962, by M A Moonie.  [Shire of Oxley, 1962], [p 2.]

[7] THE GOVERNMENT GAZETTE. (1863, November 9). The Star (Ballarat, Vic. : 1855 - 1864), p. 3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article72511286

[8] LAW REPORT. (1857, August 17). The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957), p. 3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article7137205

[9] INTESTATE ESTATES. (1861, February 13). The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957), p. 5. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5697562

[10] Victorian Marriage Index, Reg No 292, 1865 (Peard indexed as Plard.)

[11] WAGGA WAGGA. (1873, August 2). The Gundagai Times and Tumut, Adelong and Murrumbidgee District Advertiser (NSW : 1868 - 1931), p. 4. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article122755402

[12] THE FLOODS. (1870, September 10). Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth, Vic. : 1855 -1918), p. 3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article196417535

[13] THE North Eastern Ensign. (1875, May 4). The North Eastern Ensign (Benalla, Vic. : 1872 - 1938), p. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71557343

[14] OXLEY SHIRE COUNCIL. (1876, November 7). Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth, Vic. : 1855 -1918), p. 3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article197057960 OXLEY

[15] NEW ZEALAND. (1877, August 11). Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth, Vic. : 1855 -1918), p. 4. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article198228521

[16] Victorian Government Gazette 13, Date: Friday, March 1st 1872, p. 472.

[17] VICTORIA POLICE GAZETTE  APRIL 16, 1873 p 93.  There may have been other incidents in later issues of the VPG.

[18] OXLEY SHIRE COUNCIL. (1878, April 9). Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth, Vic. : 1855 -1918), p. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article199688355

[19] OXLEY SHIRE COUNCIL. (1878, December 10). Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth, Vic. : 1855 -1918), p. 3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article199695446

[20] OXLEY SHIRE COUNCIL. (1880, December 7). Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth, Vic. : 1855 -1918), p. 3.  http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article201538807

[21] GOVERNMENT GAZETTE. (1881, February 12). The Australasian (Melbourne, Vic. : 1864 - 1946), p. 20.  http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article137812315 

[22] VPRS 28/P0/324.

[23] GRETA. (1880, July 17). Illustrated Australian News (Melbourne, Vic. : 1876 - 1889), , p. 115. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60094216

[24] THE POLICE COMMISSION AT GRETA. (1881, May 18). The Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 - 1954), , p. 1 (Supplement to The Age).  http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204047112

[25] GRETA. (1880, July 17). Illustrated Australian News (Melbourne, Vic. : 1876 - 1889), , p. 115. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60094216

[26] (FROM THE AGE CORRESPONDENT.). (1881, April 28). Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth, Vic. : 1855 -1918), p. 2.  http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article199460625.

[27] Advertising. (1884, June 3). Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth, Vic. : 1855 -1918), p. 3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article198971089.

[28] GAZETTE NOTICES. (1884, July 8). The North Eastern Ensign (Benalla, Vic. : 1872 - 1938), p. 3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article70746849

[29] GOVERNMENT GAZETTE. (1885, May 2). The Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 - 1954), p. 10. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article191195025

[30] FORTY YEARS AGO. (1925, July 17). Benalla Standard (Vic. : 1901 - 1925), , p. 1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article214234241

[31] MR JOHN McMONIGLE. (1931, May 15). The North Eastern Ensign (Benalla, Vic. : 1872 - 1938), p. 2 (Morning.).  http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article70784356.

[32] Glenrowan. (1886, April 9). The North Eastern Ensign (Benalla, Vic. : 1872 - 1938), p. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article70809077

[33] OVENS AND MURRAY AGRICULTURAL AND PASTORAL SOCIETY. (1885, April 11). Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth, Vic. : 1855 -1918), p. 1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article201592418

[34] MINERS AND FARMERS. (1887, April 23). Ovens and Murray Advertiser (Beechworth, Vic. : 1855 -1918), , p. 4.  http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article199471614

[35] The Glenrowan Tiger. (1885, June 19). Euroa Advertiser (Vic. : 1884 - 1920), , p. 3 (MORNING.). http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65486933