Time Travellers in Essendon, Flemington and the Keilor Plains
Libraries-Hygienic-Public-Circulating
Early Libraries in Essendon and Flemington.
Part 1
By Lenore Frost
“.. not a book or anything to amuse us”
Alexander McLean Hunter, diary,[1]
11th & 12th August 1839 Sunday & Monday
In the 21st century we take for granted the comfortable and reasonably well-resourced libraries within easy reach – municipal libraries, school, college and university libraries, State Libraries, and specialist libraries - though many of the latter are at risk of closing.
In the 19th century when literacy was rising and colonial resources few, what was a person to do for reading material? Time Travellers should grab their hats and coats, ensure their pince nez is in the top breast pocket, and jump in the time machine to see what the locals in Essendon and Flemington were doing for a good read.
It is worth noting right at the start that this history of libraries in the Essendon and Flemington area in the 19th and early 20th century is necessarily limited by the lack of sources. The Trove digitised newspapers have been invaluable, but cannot tell the full story.
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Image courtesy of Pixabay.
Scottish adventurer Alex Hunter, who took up a station at Keilor with James Watson, recognised the value of a good book. The ship on which he sailed from Melbourne to Sydney was becalmed off Williamstown in August 1839. The trip took a tedious eleven days, Hunter lamented that there was “not a book or anything to amuse us”.
On the voyage out from England, Hunter and his shipmate had installed in their cabin a bookcase which they filled with books brought from home. He mentioned only one of these, on 3 February 1839 while at sea. “I finished Father Clement without rising off my seat, it is much milder today”. Father Clement was an anti-Roman Catholic novel written in 1823 by Scottish author Grace Kennedy (1782-1825) and published in Edinburgh.[2]
Hunter often travelled through the bush droving with a book in his saddle-bag, though there were occasions when he forgot to provide one for the long evenings by the campfire.[3] Apart from Father Clement, he never noted what he was reading, but his bookishness was not unusual among his fellow Scots.
David A Kent, who examined the results of studies of Scottish literacy in ‘Libraries, Learning and the People in Enlightenment Scotland’, reported that “In Lowland and Eastern Scotland in the second half of the eighteenth century almost everyone could read”.[4] He noted that the number of people who could read was higher than those who could write – “Writing was regarded as an accomplishment, and in the parish schools was taught as a separate subject for which extra fees were charged”.[5]
In England, by comparison, the literacy of the working classes was low until free and compulsory education was introduced in the later part of the nineteenth century.
Kent said of the Scots, “While religion undoubtedly provided the chief stimulus for literacy and schooling it is evident that working people rapidly recognised the economic value of literacy and other educational attainments”.[6] This was reflected in the presence of subscription libraries in Scotland from as early as the eighteenth century, and often in industrial or rural locations.
It is perhaps no coincidence then that the earliest subscription library known to be established in the Essendon district was formed at the Scots church, St John’s, in Essendon in 1854.
Subscription or circulating?
Before we proceed, however, we will pause and consider the nature of the various libraries which sprang up. The difference between a subscription library and a circulating library is not necessarily clear – sometimes the term was used interchangeably - but for the purposes of this essay we will define a subscription library as one which intended to stock literary and scholarly works to share with others, generally run by a committee; while circulating libraries were for-profit operations run by individual proprietors.[7] A further variation on a subscription library was a ‘Free library’, which might also have a subscription service.
Mechanics Institutes, which became so widespread in Australia in the second half of the 19th century, were essentially educational organisations, but were usually accompanied by a library and reading room, on the principal that the library and reading room were free to use, but a subscription or a deposit was required to borrow books. There were also private libraries, owned by individuals for his or her own use, or owned by institutions for the use of the members. The book supplies of the latter might be funded by donation or by subscription.
Melbourne libraries:
We can have a peep at the sort of fare the Lending Library of the State Library of Victoria thought suitable for the general public in a printed volume, Catalogue of books added to the Lending Library.[8] In this the works included sermons, bible studies, natural history, history, travel, philosophy, missionary work, and biographies of great men or the Royal family. These were purchased, or possibly donated, to the lending library collection between 1894 and 1898. There is a small amount of poetry, some volumes of literary criticism, but virtually no novels at all. The books presume an advanced level of reading ability.
St John's Sabbath School library, established 1854
On the right is the original bluestone St John’s Church, built in 1852. From the 70th Anniversary
booklet.[9] Courtesy of Ian Reiher.
As early as 12 August 1854, John Reid junior, the son of the St John’s, Essendon, Presbyterian Minister and a teacher at the Denominational School there, mentioned in his diary purchasing books for the Sabbath School Library.[10] On his free Saturday afternoon in 26 August he spent time writing up the Rules for the Library.[11] On Sunday 3 September he reported that the Library Fund had raised £8.14.6, and two days after that a public meeting to establish the library was reported as having ‘rather numerous attendance’.[12] A significant prompt for the formation of the Sabbath School library must have been the scarcity of reading material in the area. Reid often reported walking the five miles from Essendon to Melbourne to the Mechanics Library for his reading matter, both before and after the Sabbath School Library was established.
A Library Association was also formed, with himself as the President. The library was supported by some women, Mrs Quinton and Miss McNay being two donors named. Reid reported frequently on donations of funds or books until he left the manse in January 1855 to pursue his studies.
Unfortunately the books in the Sabbath School library were not described. Books that John Reid junior reported reading personally included The reminiscences of Dr Chalmers, (a Presbyterian educator); Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin; and a gift from his father, ‘Cumming upon prayer’.[13] Mrs Graham, the wife of a clergyman, gave him a ‘very fine volume called Our Scottish Clergy. These might all be characterised as conservative, moral or religious books, and are likely to have been typical of the Sabbath School Library.
On 7 November 1854 Reid reported that the Library Association numbered 1,000 volumes,[14] which is a substantial library to have been created in just a few months. At the same time as forming the Sabbath School Library, the Mutual Improvement Society associated with the church established a Library of Reference, of which Reid junior was appointed Honorary Librarian.[15] Nothing is known about the contents of that library.
Reid passed the care of the Sabbath School Library over to his replacement at the school, James Robertson, on 5 December 1854.[16]
Private libraries
In a time when reading and writing was the domain of gentlefolk, books expensive and libraries few, private libraries were a mark of wealth, education and refinement. The publication Fine homes of Essendon and Flemington, 1846-1880[17] mentions a number of larger homes in this district which boasted a private library.
George Newsom of Myross, Ascot Vale, whose ‘valuable library perished in the flames’ when his house was damaged by fire in 1849, later rebuilt his house and his library.[18] Thomas Quinton visited Newsom's home in the 1860s, and he later recorded in his memoirs: “… I was taken inside. After being shown his library, a splendid one, too, mostly comprised of nautical works, I was bade set down”.[19]
George Holmes, a railway contractor who built his home Le Beau Sejour in Holmes Rd, Moonee Ponds, had a billiard room, library, dining and drawing rooms on the ground floor when the house was advertised to let in 1872.[20] Flemington House, the grand mansion of Hugh Glass, likewise had a library, gymnasium, sewing room, study and dining room in the downstairs rooms.[21]
Other libraries existed in the homes of John Cosgrave of Mount Lodge, Flemington;[22] and Cora Linn in Essendon, owned by John Vans Agnew Bruce, sold at his death in 1868, advertised a library in the house.[23] Jeannie Langtree’s house Rothmaise was advertised for sale with a library in 1910.[24]
William Kerr, the first Town Clerk of Melbourne, was better known as the editor of Kerr’s Melbourne Almanac and Port Phillip Directory for 1841 and 1842, and for his editorship of the Port Phillip Herald and Port Phillip Patriot in the 1840s. In 1855 Kerr purchased the property Fernihirst in Essendon, on the north side of Glass Street.[25] He appeared in the 1856 Electoral Roll described as a ‘Gentleman’, at Fernihirst, his qualification being property valued at £1,900 at Essendon. On 28 July 1856 he advertised a new service to the public as a Parliamentary Agent, which might be characterised as a present-day lobbyist.[26]
William Kerr, taken by
T F Chuck. State Library Collection of Victoria, H5056/333.
Unfortunately, having got himself into financial difficulties, Fernihirst went back on the market in 1856.[27] Once it was sold, Kerr was slow to remove from the house, and suffered the indignity of the bailiffs arriving at Fernihirst to seize his furniture while the move was in progress. Having moved to Kensington he was set upon by the bailiffs again. Later Kerr brought a court action ‘to recover £200 damages for an illegal and forcible distraint made by the defendant[28] on the house and property of the plaintiff at Kensington’.
Kerr’s library was the subject of questioning of the solicitor Bardwell. It was reported in The Argus: ‘Cross-examined by Mr. M'Donogh. There were books sold in the sale. I am not aware that valuable books were abstracted, and not sold at the sale at all. The furniture realised £428 18s. The majority of the books were small ones. I do not know there were upwards of 1000 volumes in Mr Kerr's library. I swear there are none of his books now in my office’.[29]
Slightly different details were reported in The Age. ‘There were books amongst the furniture. I did not take an inventory of them. ……. I am not aware there were 1,400 books. There were nineteen volumes, mostly of the Parlor (sic) Library series’.[30]
John M Picker mentioned the activities of the firm of Simms and McIntyre, which in 1846 and 1847 ‘published one volume novels for 2 shillings each in their “Parlour Novelist” series, followed by novels in the “Parlour Library” series selling for the unprecedented low price of 1s each’.[31] This remark in the County Court was very probably a not-so-subtle put-down of Kerr’s library, suggesting it was full of cheap novels at a time when novels were held in contempt. The claimed size of Kerr’s library was substantial, at somewhere between 1,000 and 1,400 volumes. The Court found in favour of the plaintiff, Kerr, who successfully proved that at the time of the seizure Bardwell, for the trustees, had no legal right to seize his furniture.[32]
In a later case against Holmes and Roberts on the same charge, Kerr stated ‘his library was weeded, and the best books taken away before it was brought to sale’.[33] Other than the remarks in court about Kerr’s book collection, little more is known about it, though it doesn’t seem likely that Kerr’s library would have consisted mainly of novels.
John Pascoe Fawkner was a noted collector of books, and made significant donations to the Melbourne Public Library, Williamstown, Kyneton and Ballarat Mechanics’ Institutes, and the Congregational College.
In 1869 Fawkner sold a large number of books of which a catalogue was made, published in 1985 as John Pascoe Fawkner’s Library: facsimile of the sale catalogue of 1868, with an introductory essay by Wallace Kirsop.[34]
Kirsop remarks that ‘the catalogue does not fail to convey its message about Fawkner’s cultural pretensions. The antiquarian content is slight; this is fundamentally a nineteenth century library. Its owner does not seek works in foreign languages, but he does not avoid translations of the great classics. This is the collection of a modern gentleman, eclectic, miscellaneous and above all attentive to illustrated books of a rather showy kind, possibly bought at a discount.’ Kirsop is doubtful if the image crafted in the catalogue represented the ‘quintessential Fawkner’.[35]
'John Pascoe Fawkner. M.L.C. Age 70 Years', circa 1862. Courtesy of the State Library of Victoria Collection, No H29521. Despite Kirsop’s tendency to accuse Fawkner of pretension, in fact Fawkner was a benefactor to many institutions, including the Public Library of Melbourne, now the State Library.
Fawkner intended, from an entry in his diary, to make a further donation of material to the Public Library in Melbourne, but his death intervened, and according to Kirsop the remainder passed to his widow Eliza’s second husband. Some were auctioned at Pascoevale on 20 December 1869, along with surplus furniture, farming animals and equipment.[36] It is not certain that the ‘Choice and old engravings, Books’ offered for sale at the auction were kept at Pascoevale, or whether they had been brought from the Fawkner home in Collingwood.
Essendon and Flemington Institute library, 1880 - 1884
The splendid building designed by architect J J Clark. The partially built Institute was purchased by the Borough of Essendon for its Town Hall in 1884. Courtesy of the State Library of Victoria Collection No A/S09/10/80/261. Wood engraving published in The Australasian sketcher, 9 Oct 1880.
In 1880 the newly built Essendon and Flemington Institute, also known as the Essendon Athenaeum, opened on a triangular piece of land at the junction of Mt Alexander and Pascoe Vale Roads. It was to be a cultural and social institution and included a library.
The original plans for the Institute included a ‘large two storied building comprising reading room and committee or class room on the ground floor, and a library and classroom on the upper floor’.[37]
Specifics of the operations are not clear, but some details can be gleaned from newspaper reports relating to the transfer the library from the Essendon and Flemington Institute to the Borough of Essendon, which occurred in 1884. During negotiations for the purchase of the building in January and February of 1884, it was agreed that, ‘council to covenant to keep up the library on a similar basis to the present one’.[38] Further, ‘that the library shall be managed by a joint committee of the council and representatives of the subscribers to the library. It was decided, after an animated discussion, that the council and library committee should meet in conference, with a view to settling the matter.[39]
It seems there was no designated librarian at this time, and the library managed by the committee. When the accounts were being settled on the Institute after the sale to the Council, ‘The committee, in consideration of the valuable services rendered by their energetic secretary, Mr. G. Macartney during the past six years, voted that gentleman a sum of £50. The caretaker, Mrs. Windsor, was also presented with £5 for services rendered’.[40]
This reference to Mrs Windsor establishes the beginning of her long association with the Essendon Council and the Essendon Public Library. At this time, and for some time afterwards, her role was more properly described as caretaker, but her association with the library also dates from this early period. Although Mrs Windsor’s primary duties were not as a librarian she may have attended to the opening and closing the library.
As there was an agreement to maintain the library on the same basis, we can assume that early arrangements in the Essendon Public Library were much the same for the earlier Institute library.
Essendon Public Library 1884-1940
The formal handing over of the Essendon and Flemington Institute Library occurred in August 1884. We learn a little more of the operation of the library from a report delivered in 1885.[41]
The library was open for limited hours, from 3 till 5 pm, and 7 till 10 pm. Mrs Windsor was the attendant, and prepared to take subscriptions for the lending library. It was probably not open on Sundays.
The 1885 report indicated that they had only 57 subscribing members on the roll who could avail themselves of the lending library. The rest of the residents so inclined could call in and use the reading room, either to browse through newspapers and magazines, read books, and play chess or draughts. The fee to use the lending library was 10 shillings for men, and 5 shillings for women and youths under 16 years. At this time donations of either money or books was a normal part of the operation of a free library. The financial part of the report mentions subscriptions and donations amounting to £34/10/0 and a government subsidy of £5/12/6.
The committee was pleased to report ‘an increased number of books, comprising very many standard works of universal interest, in addition to a large supply of the latest fiction and general literature together with English, American, and Victorian illustrated and periodical literature, including the Graphic and Harper's Monthly. They appealed to the residents to join the library as subscribers and thus increase the amount of funds available to continue stocking the library. The need to attract subscribers tended to push the libraries in the direction of the more popular but less well-regarded novels.
We know a little about the type of books in the Essendon Public Library collection. In 1888 an Essendon Councillor and member of the Essendon Public Library committee, Edward Dale Puckle, wrote to the Kensington Public Library, saying: "I have presented to the Essendon Public Library most of the books in the enclosed list, and I shall be happy to donate to the Public Library of your borough as many of them as may be obtainable in Melbourne at the present time, if the managing body like to accept them. The following are some of the books referred to:-
"Life of Dr. Arnold, by Dean Stanley
Tom Brown's School Days, by T. Hughes, M.P.
Life of Christ, by Archdeacon Farrar
James Nasmyth [engineer: an autobiography], by [Samuel] Smiles, [1883]
Sinai and Palestine, by Dean Stanley
“Rob Roy” on the Jordan, by Macgregor, [1874]
Julian Home: [a college story], by Archdeacon Farrar
Memorials of Washington Abbey, by Dean Stanley
Thrown Together, by F[lorence] Montgomery
Misunderstood, by the same Author
Life of Paul, by Aid Fanae [sic, Frederic William Farrer]
Early Days of Christianity, by same Author
Nineveh and Babylon by [Austen Henry] Layard, [1867]
The Poetical Works of Frances Ridley Havergall
History of Christian Names, by C. M. Tonge
The Verity of Christ's Resurrection, by [Thomas] Cooper
Present Day Tracts and Biblical Things not Generally Known, by various writers
Thoughts at Fourscore, by Cooper
In the Days of Thy Youth, by Archdeacon Farrar
Danesbury House, by Mrs. H. Wood, [1860]
Great African Travellers, by Kingstone
In the Golden Days, by Edina Lyall
Life of Bishop Hannington, by Dauson
and numerous others of an equally interesting character".[42]
Edward Dale Puckle was a relieving bank manager, and later a bank inspector for the London Commercial Bank of Australia. He was also a Justice of the Peace, sitting in the local court, and was a Sunday School teacher for many years at St Thomas’ Church of England in Moonee Ponds where his father had been the minister. Puckle’s choice of books, mainly of a religious or improving character, was leavened by a handful of novels by ladies, whose works were regarded as “conservative and Christian”, such as those by Mrs Henry Wood, and Florence Montgomery. Presumably the Kensington library accepted Mr Puckle’s offer.
The Community Heritage Collection of the Moonee Valley Library Service, held at the Sam Merrifield Library, Moonee Ponds, holds one other casebound clue to the nature of the Essendon Public Library holdings: a book called The Earthly paradise, by William Morris (1872). This is described as an epic poem, featuring mythologies from Greece and Scandinavia.
The Early Paradise by William Morris, from the original collection of the Essendon Public Library.
It was published in 1872. Courtesy of the Moonee Valley Library Service.
Library stamp of the Essendon Public Library. Courtesy of the
Moonee Valley Library Service.
Book plate for the Essendon Public Library, indicating a fourteen day loan period.
Courtesy of the Moonee Valley Library Service.
In 1886 the North Melbourne Advertiser announced that an ‘enterprising business firm at Moonee Ponds are bringing out a local directory, and have arranged with the library committee to inter-leave a catalogue of the books, which have been carefully classified by Mr. George Macartney, the able honorary secretary, and another member of the committee. When this catalogue is in circulation, the ratepayers will awake to the fact that they possess a literary property such as few other boroughs of a similar standing own’.[43] No example of that early catalogue has come to light so far. The fact that the honorary secretary, Mr Macartney and another committee member were cataloguing the books would suggest that there was still no person occupying the role of librarian.
In order to boost the number of subscribers to the library, a long article was published in the North Melbourne Advertiser, extolling the new reading rooms, the availability of fiction, the number of volumes (rather less than some private libraries), and lest the library be thought too low brow, a list of important works of interest to the clergy. One imagines that these would be the least numerous among the resident subscribers they hoped to attract.
This detail from a Charles Nettleton photo of the south end of the Essendon Town Hall, dated circa 1885-1887, shows “Public Library” and “Reading Room” painted on the glass of the upper storey windows. Courtesy of the State Library of Victoria Collection, H4521; LTAF 858. See the full photo http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/173265
THE ESSENDON PUBLIC LIBRARY.
'IT is probable that not a few of the residents of the borough of Essendon are unaware of the valuable property they possess in the public library, now open in the upper story of the commodious new town hall. The reading room is really an elegant apartment, and the books now number between 800 and 900. Although as must always be the case with a library which is at once circulating as well as well as free, books of fiction predominate, there are a large number of volumes of a more substantial class of reading. The local clergy will find amongst recent additions, some books of interest. Under the not very well chosen title, 'Present day Tracts', these are collected into five volumes a series of papers, written in a popular style, bearing upon those deeply interesting subjects which lie on the borderland of religion, science, ethnology and history. Amongst the subjects treated we may mention 'Agnosticism' by Dr. Porter, 'Antiquity of Man historically considered,' by Canon Rawlinson: 'Evidential conclusions from the Four Greater Epistle of St Paul,' by the late Dean Howson: 'Age and Origin of Man Geologically considered' by Patterson: 'Rise and Decline of Islam' by Sir William Muir: Mosaic Authorship and Credibility of the Pentateuch,' by the Dean of Canterbury: 'Christianity and Confucianism compared,' by Dr. Legge: 'The Zendavesta and the religion of the Parsis' by Dr. Mitchell: 'The witness of ancient monuments to the old Testament Scripture' by Professor Sayce: 'The Hindu religion' by Dr. Mitchell 'The Lord's Supper, an abiding Witness to the Death of Christ' by Sir William Muir: 'The Historical evidence of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ from the Dead' by Prebendary Row: 'Historical Illustrations of the New Testament Scriptures' by Dr. Maclean: &c. &c. Most well read men are aware how largely increasing a share of the domain of contemporary literature is being accorded to such topics as the above, and when we add that these volumes were commended by no less an authority than the late Bishop of Melbourne, Dr. Moorhouse, we doubt not these unpretending little books will receive attention, and we are glad to learn that some enquiry for books of the class exist. The library is open both afternoon and evening, and the free reading room affords a pleasant opportunity for spending a profitable hour. The subscription to the circulating branch is ridiculously cheap, and we imagine the committee will have to raise it, if they are to keep up a supply of books'.[44]
In 1887, again seeking to boost interest in the library, the North Melbourne Advertiser announced ‘With a view of keeping the Essendon public library before the ratepayers as much as possible, we propose giving a list of the new books received each month. The first list will appear in our next issue’.[45]
The latter good intention seems to have been forgotten the minute the ink was dry. No list appeared in the next month of weekly issues, though it may have appeared as a supplement no longer with the newspaper when it was scanned for Trove.
In 1888 the library committee seems to have revisited one of the original ideas for the Essendon and Flemington Institute, to open a school of design. Again Mrs Windsor was to be available to assist.
ESSENDON PUBLIC LIBRARY SCHOOL OF DESIGN
AS it is considered desirable to establish the above all young' ladies and gentlemen desirous of joining a School of Design or School of Arts will please leave their names and addresses with Mrs. Windsor at the library. GEORGE MACARTNEY, Hon Secretary. Essendon Public Library, Town Hall, Moonee Ponds.[46]
In 1889 small boys caused complaints about their behaviour in the reading room of the Essendon Public Library.[47]
A dispute arose at Council in 1890 about the library committee having engaged an Assistant Librarian to prepare a new catalogue.
“Cr Taylor asked who had authorised Mr S. Jones to prepare a catalogue for the library, and at whose expense the work was being done. ….. Cr Bloomfield said the Library Committee considered it advisable to have a new catalogue, as the books had increased fourfold since the issue of the last catalogue. The permanent officer could not undertake the work so they were obliged to employ someone to do it. He believed the catalogue was now completed. Cr Cowan said the gentleman who compiled the old catalogue did so at a cost of £8 or £10, while the advertisements he collected came to between £30 or £40. This consideration influenced the committee on the present occasion. Cr Taylor-This appointment is altogether illegal without the sanction of Council. I don't know that Mr Jones possesses any distinguished ability from a literary point of view. Cr Cowan--You have no right to cavil at what the Library Committee have done, and I, for one, won't have it. The Mayor- At present there is nothing before the chair. Cr Dangerfield said that the committee should have asked Council to sanction the appointment. At the same time, if the members had done anything wrong, they were willing to pay for it out of their own pockets. Cr Cowan-I move that Mr Jones finish the work he has in hand and that he be paid for his services. The Mayor-The remuneration to be fixed by the Library Committee. Cr Taylor-I have no objection to the committee transacting its business in a proper manner. The Mayor-If you object to the motion, I must rule it out of order. The matter then dropped”.[48]
Change was in the air in 1891. The Library Committee made a number of recommendations in the end of year report: that the Surveyor be empowered to place a row of drawers in the library; that a by-law to regulations be made to enable the management and control of the library; and that the library be closed for a week to enable cleaning of the library and the classifying and cataloguing of the books.[49]
The following year a further change was announced:
The Essendon Council have decided to establish a public lending library on the same principle as the one recently formed in connection with the Melbourne Public Library. The library has hitherto been supported mainly by annual subscriptions, but the system is to be discontinued, and by the new regulations any ratepayer can deposit five shillings with the librarian and borrow as many books as he pleases.[50]
Further innovation was to follow. In September 1892 the Essendon Public Library recommended that a ‘lady or gentleman librarian should be employed for the convenience of those attending the library’.[51] It can be assumed that the librarian appointed at this time was Mrs Sarah Windsor, whose long service as the Essendon Librarian was recognised on her retirement in 1938.
At the same time local ‘rich men’ were encouraged to make donations of ‘valuable volumes’ to the library, an indication that library purchases could not be supported only from rates. Additional support (though slender) would come from the State government. In a list of correspondence the Council minutes recorded one ‘From the Chief Secretary's office, intimating that the sum of £2 18s. 9d. had been allotted to the Essendon Public Library from the Library fund’.[52]
Having now seen the Essendon Public Library taking on the form of a more professionally organised municipal library, Time Travellers should hang on to the straps and mind the curve as we travel forward in time where we can observe the death throes Essendon Public Library........
> > > >> > > >> > > > > > > > > > > >> > > >> > > >> > > >
Continued in Part 2
Endnotes
[1] Alexander McLean Hunter, Papers, 1838-1874 [microform]. Hunter family. MS 7790-MS 7814; MS 7815; MS 7816; MS 8937, State Library of Victoria. Diary, 11th & 12th August 1839 Sunday & Monday. Transcript courtesy of Christine Laskowski.
[2] Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. Grace Kennedy, (writer). Retrieved 25 November 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Kennedy_%28writer%29 .
[3] Alexander McLean Hunter, diary, 11th & 12th August 1839 Sunday & Monday.
[4] David A Kent, ‘Libraries, Learning and the People in Enlightenment Scotland’ in History of Education Review, 24, 1, 1995, p 4.
[5] David A Kent, p 3.
[6] David A Kent, p 4.
[7] Wikipedia, retrieved 25 November 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulating_library.
[8] Lending Library Catalogues of Books Added, Public Library, Museums and National Gallery (Vic.), Melbourne : Robert. S. Brain, Government Printer, 1896-1898.
[9] St. John's Presbyterian Church, Essendon : Souvenir, 70th anniversary, 1852-1922. [Essendon, Vic: The Church], 1922.
[10] John Reid, Diaries of John Reid, Victorian schoolmaster, 1853-1856, Elaine Sheehan (ed). Newcastle Family History Society Inc, Adamstown, NSW, 2002, p 19.
[11] John Reid, p 21.
[12] John Reid, p 22.
[13] John Reid, p 26.
[14] John Reid, p 27.
[15] John Reid, p 28.
[16] John Reid, p 28.
[17] Lenore Frost (ed), Fine Homes of Essendon and Flemington 1846-1880, Essendon Historical Society, Moonee Ponds, 2010.
[18] R W Chalmers, Myross in Fine Homes of Essendon and Flemington, p 47.
[19] William Thomas Quinton, A Short Diary of the Early Days of Melbourne, unpublished manuscript, circa 1911, in possession of Quinton family.
[20] Lenore Frost, Coilsfield in Fine Homes, p 24.
[21] Alex Bragiola and Mary Cahill, Flemington House, in Fine Homes, p 31.
[22] Alex Bragiola, Mount Lodge in Fine Homes, p 45.
[23] Marilyn Kenny, St Olaves in Fine Homes, p 72.
[24] Lenore Frost, Rothmaise, in Fine Homes, p 68.
[25] Lenore Frost, Rosstrevor Hall in Fine Homes, p 66.
[26] Advertising. (1856, July 30). The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957), p. 3. Retrieved October 26, 2015, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article7133996.
[27] Advertising. (1856, September 8). The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957), p. 8. Retrieved October 26, 2015, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article7136195.
[28] Bardwell, a solicitor.
[29] COUNTY COURT OF BOURKE. (1857, May 23). The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957), p. 5. Retrieved October 26, 2015, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article7132270.
[30] COUNTY COURT OF BOURKE. (1857, May 23). The Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 - 1954), p. 6. Retrieved October 26, 2015, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article154820706.
[31] Picker, John M, Victorian Soundscapes, OUP, Oxford, 2003.
[32] SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE. (1857, May 27). Mount Alexander Mail (Vic. : 1854 - 1917), p. 2. Retrieved October 26, 2015, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article197088340.
[33] LAW REPORT. (1858, March 19). The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957), p. 6. Retrieved October 26, 2015, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article7148327
[34] Wallace Kirsop (ed), John Pascoe Fawkner’s Library: facsimile of the sale catalogue of 1868, with an introductory essay by Wallace Kirsop, Melbourne Book Collectors’ Society of Australia, Melbourne, 1985. There is a copy in the Moonee Valley Library Service.
[35] Wallace Kirsop (ed), p 15.
[36] Wallace Kirsop (ed), p 17; Advertising. (1869, December 18). The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957), p. 2. Retrieved October 7, 2015, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5809106.
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